Latest posts
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Heart Murmurs Master Guide: Auscultation Sites, Timing, and Dynamic Maneuvers
Understanding heart murmurs requires a systematic approach to timing, location, radiation, and hemodynamic changes. This comprehensive guide breaks down the high-yield clinical features of systolic and diastolic murmurs for clinical bedside practice and board exam preparation. Murmur Timing Auscultation Site Radiation Key Physical Finding / Sound Aortic Stenosis (AS) Systolic 2nd Right ICS Carotids Crescendo-decrescendo,…
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Cardiac Physiology Part 3: Heart Sounds (S1 & S2) and Mechanical Ejection
In clinical practice, mastering cardiac auscultation requires a clear understanding of how the heart’s electrical conduction system triggers its mechanical events. The classic “lub-dub” heart sounds heard on auscultation are the direct mechanical result of valve closures initiated by electrical impulses on the EKG. S1 (“Lub”) – Atrioventricular Valve Closure The first heart sound, S1,…