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Hyponatremia Masterclass: Pathophysiology, Volume Assessment, and Treatment Guidelines
Hyponatremia (serum sodium < 135 mEq/L) is fundamentally a disorder of water balance—an excess of total body water relative to sodium—rather than a simple sodium deficit. The most effective diagnostic approach is to confirm true hypotonicity first, then categorize the hyponatremia according to the patient’s extracellular fluid (ECF) volume status: hypovolemic, euvolemic, or hypervolemic. 1.…